Periodontitis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the tissues supporting and anchoring the teeth in the jawbone. It results from untreated gingivitis (gum inflammation) and can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. Periodontitis not only negatively impacts oral health but is also associated with an increased risk of various systemic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular issues. This article explores what periodontitis is, its symptoms, causes, treatment methods, and prevention.
What is Periodontitis?
Periodontitis is a disease that occurs as a result of advanced gingivitis. In periodontitis, bacteria and toxins from dental plaque penetrate below the gum line, causing inflammation and damage to supporting tissues, such as connective tissue and jawbone. Over time, this can lead to gum recession and tooth exposure. Areas affected by periodontitis create “pockets” around the teeth, which harbor plaque and bacteria, making cleaning and infection control difficult.
Symptoms of Periodontitis
The symptoms of periodontitis can vary depending on the disease’s progression. The most common symptoms include:
Bleeding gums – One of the first indications of possible periodontitis is gum bleeding during brushing or flossing.
Bad breath – Chronic inflammation and bacterial infection can cause an unpleasant odor and a bad taste in the mouth.
Gum recession – As the disease progresses, the gums start to pull away from the teeth, making them appear longer and more exposed.
Tooth loosening – In the later stages of periodontitis, when the bone around the tooth is significantly damaged, teeth may become unstable and loose.
Sensitivity – Due to the exposure of the tooth roots, people often experience increased sensitivity to hot, cold, acidic, or sweet foods and drinks.
What Causes Periodontitis?
Periodontitis mainly results from inadequate oral hygiene, but several other factors can contribute to the disease’s development:
Plaque and tartar buildup – Plaque is a sticky layer of bacteria that accumulates on the teeth daily. If not regularly cleaned, it hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a professional.
Genetic factors – Genetics also play a role – some people are more prone to developing periodontitis, regardless of good oral hygiene.
Smoking – Smoking damages gum tissue and reduces blood flow, creating conditions for bacterial growth and slowing the healing process.
Hormonal changes – Pregnancy, puberty, and menopause are examples of periods when hormonal balances change, making gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation.
Certain diseases and medications – Conditions such as diabetes and autoimmune disorders, as well as certain medications, can weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of gum infections.
Types of Periodontitis
Periodontitis is classified according to its severity and the extent of tissue damage:
Chronic periodontitis – The most common form, it develops slowly and progressively, typically affecting adults and resulting from years of plaque buildup.
Aggressive periodontitis – It develops more quickly and usually affects younger people. It is characterized by rapid destruction of tissues and bone.
Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases – Occurs in people with specific conditions, such as diabetes, which predispose them to more severe infections and inflammation.
Treatment Methods for Periodontitis
The goal of periodontitis treatment is to eliminate infection, restore gum health, and prevent further bone and tooth loss. Key treatment methods include:
Professional cleaning (scaling and root planing) – The first step in periodontitis treatment is the removal of dental plaque and tartar through scaling. This allows the gums to reattach to the teeth and reduces the depth of periodontal pockets.
Antibiotic therapy – Antibiotics may be prescribed to control the infection and reduce the bacteria in the mouth. They can be applied locally or taken as tablets.
Surgical treatment – In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, including opening the gums to clean the roots and deep pockets or bone grafting to restore lost tissue.
Maintenance therapy – Regular dental visits and maintenance treatment are essential for the long-term management of periodontitis.
Prevention of Periodontitis
Preventing periodontitis is possible and involves basic oral health care:
Regular oral hygiene – Brushing teeth at least twice a day and using floss or interdental brushes to remove plaque from hard-to-reach areas.
Regular dental visits – Professional cleaning and check ups allow for early detection and prevention of gingivitis before it progresses to periodontitis.
Quitting smoking – Reducing or quitting smoking significantly improves gum health.
Healthy diet – Foods rich in vitamins and minerals strengthen the immune system and help maintain healthy gums.
Periodontitis is a serious yet preventable disease that can lead to significant problems with teeth and gums if not treated in time. Regular oral hygiene and periodic dental visits play a key role in preventing and managing the disease. If you notice symptoms such as gum bleeding, bad breath, or tooth sensitivity, do not delay consulting with a dentist – early treatment can help preserve your smile healthy and strong.
